Examination of scrap tire recycling technologies and applications
Increased demands for motor vehicles surged tire production worldwide. Consequently, over 1.6 billion tires reach end-of-life ELT) stages each year. Due to complex composition, combining natural and synthetic rubbers, carbon black (CB), steel and textile fibers, tires are resistant to decomposition. Landfilling and open burning are no longer practiced per their detrimental effects on land use, air quality and groundwater contamination. In response, global attention shifted to tire recycling as a sustainable alternative to mitigate environmental risks, yet offer economic and industrial opportunities through material recovery and reuse.